@article{Wang_Yu_Shen_Gao_Yang_Yang_Zhang_2015, title={The rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine in rats is associated with down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus}, volume={120}, url={https://ujms.net/index.php/ujms/article/view/5878}, DOI={10.3109/03009734.2015.1060281}, abstractNote={<p>Objectives. Active inflammatory responses play an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. We hypothesized that the rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine is associated with the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators.</p> <p>Methods. Forty-eight rats were equally randomized into six groups (a control and five chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) groups) and given either saline or 10 mg/kg ketamine, respectively. The forced swimming test was performed, and the hippocampus was subsequently harvested for the determination of levels of interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), kynurenine (KYN), and tryptophan (TRP).</p> <p>Results. CUMS induced depression-like behaviours and up-regulated the hippocampal levels of IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a, IDO, and the KYN/TRP ratio, which were attenuated by a sub-anaesthetic dose of ketamine.</p> <p>Conclusion. CUMS-induced depression-like behaviours are associated with a reduction in hippocampal inflammatory mediators, whereas ketamine’s antidepressant effect is associated with a down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the rat hippocampus.</p&gt;}, number={4}, journal={Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences}, author={Wang Nan and Yu Hai-Ying and Shen Xiao-Feng and Gao Zhi-Qin and Yang Chun and Yang Jian-Jun and Zhang Guang-Fen}, year={2015}, month={Jul.} }